Introduction
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Content
The hierarchies of ecology
Biology and environment What is ecology? Where and how organisms live habitat and niche The hierarchical levels in ecology individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems
Biological change
The individual reproduction and evolution The population fluctuation in number of individuals The community diversity and interactions
Flows of energy and matter in ecosystems
Ecosystem ecology Energy and biomass in an ecosystem flow of energy and circulation of matter Food chains and food webs Interactions in ecosystems competition and co-operation Review Box 3.1 Ecological principles of sustainability How ecosystems develop succession Methods Box 3.2 Environmental monitoring
Biology and biogeographical zones of the Baltic region
Biology of the Baltic region Vegetation zonation Arctic-alpine areas the Scandinavian fjell (mountains) and Tatra-Carpatian mountains Coniferous forest, boreal forest taiga Mixed coniferous broad-leafed forests, boreo-nemoral forests Broad-leaved forests, nemoral forests
Habitats
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