Chapter 23
International Co-operation for the Environment

Introduction

Content

Objectives

Quiz

Links

Graphs

glossary

Corrections

Updates

Amendments

Content

Global co-operation and the United Nations system

• The first initiatives – The Stockholm conference

• Review Box 23.1 The global organisations

• The Brundtland Commission

• The Rio Conference on Environment and Development

• The climate issue

  
  

The global conventions

• The climate negotiations and the Kyoto Protocol

• The Convention on Biological Diversity

• Outlook Box 23.2 The global conventions

• The Convention to Combat Desertification

• A convention to prohibit environmentally toxic chemicals

  
  

Developing the UN system

• The Commission on Sustainable Development, CSD, and United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP

• Revitalizing UNEP

• International co-operation in the 21st century

  
  

European co-operation – the European Union

• Modest beginnings: the 1970s

• The environmental directives

• The early 1980s and the Third Environmental Action Programme

• Review Box 23.3 The European Union directives

• The institutional affirmation: the Single European Act

• The recent Treaty revisions

  
  

EU and national environmental policy

• Environmental policy on the national level

• The basic differences between members states

• The different national styles in environmental law

• The changing national environmental agendas

• The future – differentiation or integration

• Case Box 23.4 Lithuanian environmental policy after the EU accession

• EU enlargement and Eastern Europe

  
  

Intergovernmental co-operation on the Baltic Sea environment

• The 1974 Helsinki Convention

• The 1992 Helsinki Convention

• The Helsinki Commission

• Review Box 23.5 How HELCOM is organised

• Ministerial Meetings

• The Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme, JCP

• The Visby Summit

• The 1998 Ministerial Meeting

• BALTIC 21 – an Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea region