The Baltic University Programme - A regional university network on sustainable development

Chapter 20
Legal Protection of the Environment

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Content

Rule of law and the environment

  • The legal system and environmental law

  • Three basic principles

  • How strict should the requirements be?


The legal instruments

  • Permits (concessions)

  • Town and country planning

  • Conservation of nature

  • Environmental Quality Standards (limits)

  • Legal economic instruments

  • Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA

  • Voluntary measures


Implementing environmental law

  • Supervision and sanctions

  • Participation and law suits

  • Case Box 20.1 The Polish Inspectorate for Environmental Protection

  • The numerous difficulties in practice

  • Case Box 20.2 The Hallandsås tunnel project


Environmental protection in international law

  • International environmental law

  • Basic principles of international law

  • Different legal zones

  • Means of control in international environmental law

  • Transboundary assistance, notification, and participation

  • Controlling harmful activities and natural resource exploitation

  • Liability

  • Case Box 20.3 Implementing the Aarhus Convention in Poland

  • Review Box 20.4 Selected international conventions on environmental protection in the Baltic Sea region

  • International and national environmental law


Legal protection of the Baltic Sea

  • The special problems of the Baltic Sea

  • Pollution from land-based sources

  • Pollution from ships

  • Review Box 20.5 Selected international conventions on the protection of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea and neighbouring waters

  • Pollution from sea-bed activities

  • Nuclear energy and radioactive substances

  • Protection of endangered species

  • The Baltic Sea Convention