Introduction
Content
Objectives
Quiz
Links
Graphs
glossary
Corrections
Updates
Amendments
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Content
Environmental and conventional economics
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The roots of environmental economics
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Externalities
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The economics of the human-environment relationship
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"Who owns the environment?" or the dilemma of common property
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Methods Box 19.1 Optimal environmental use
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Prices and willingness to pay The value of the environment
use and non-use values
The cost of environmental impact
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Environmental accounts and net national income
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Indirect estimation of environmental values
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Case Box 19.2 Counting the cost of pollution in
Sweden
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Case Box 19.3 Green budgets environmental and economic profiles
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Human capital approach
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Direct methods for assessing environmental values
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Case Box 19.4 Economic valuation of environmental
damage inflicted by the Soviet/Russian military in Lithuania
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Usefulness of economic appraisal of environmental values
Who should pay? the polluter pays
principle
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Who pays for the pollution?
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The Polluter Pays Principle
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The weakness in applying the principle
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Implementing PPP in the Baltic Sea region
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Internationalising the PPP
Economic policy instruments I taxes
and charges
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Curing the market through policy instruments
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Pollution charge or tax
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Case Box 19.5 Tax on commercial fertiliser in Sweden
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Product charges or taxes
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Case Box 19.6 The Lithuanian system of pollution charges
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Deposit-refund systems
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Environmental taxes and charges in the European Union
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Greening the tax system the green tax shift
Economic policy instunts II trade, permits, and subsidies
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Tradable or transferable permits
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Case Box 19.7 The Chorzów project a case of trading pollution permits
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Damage compensation
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Outlook Box 19.8 Global trade, economic development,
and environmental regulations
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Subsidies
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Choice of policy instruments
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